自愿碳市场的馅饼与陷阱：知名企业花钱忙漂绿，“碳倒爷”如何钻空子？

 

挪威咨询公司DNV碳管理方案经理栗广宇告诉《知识分子》，中国企业除了国家的碳中和目标，也面临诸多外部挑战，比如欧盟碳边境调节机制，所以CCER的存在与未来发展非常有意义，尤其它在何种程度上可以与国际标准互认。

 

陈美安提到，CCER与前文提及的VCS、Gold Standard和American Carbon Registry等都是被国际航空组织碳抵消与减排机制认可的减排项目体系。这代表在民航组织的语境下，CCER可以得到一定的国际认可。

 

当前，雀巢、开云、古奇等跨国企业正在引领气候变化议题下最新一轮运动，公开抵制用来漂绿的碳抵消[35]。栗广宇表示，虽然目前碳信用在国际语境下饱受争议，但我们还是应该从发展的角度看问题，毕竟多数企业甚至对碳中和还没有观念和行动。

 

自愿碳市场和碳信用项目都仍有存在的意义，它们不仅曾为自然系统保护和低碳技术发展提供了一部分亟需的资金，也仍有潜力在争议和大众的监管中进一步完善其方法论，并涵盖更多创新项目，比如多位受访者提到的海藻养殖、再生农业等，都值得更多的研究探索和资金投入。

 

参考资料：

[1] CAT net zero target evaluations. (n.d.). CAT Net Zero Target Evaluations | Climate Action Tracker. https://climateactiontracker.org/global/cat-net-zero-target-evaluations/

 

Visual Capitalist. https://www.visualcapitalist.com/sp/race-to-net-zero-carbon-neutral-goals-by-country/

 

[2]靠买碳汇实现碳中和？企业疑似“漂绿”引争议https://www.yicai.com/news/101763481.html

 

[3] Hannah Ritchie, Max Roser and Pablo Rosado (2022) - "Energy". Published online at OurWorldInData.org. Retrieved from: 'https://ourworldindata.org/energy'

 

[4]企业如何进行绿电消费？ChatGPT也来支招. (2023, February 23). 企业如何进行绿电消费？ChatGPT也来支招. https://www.carbonstop.net/oridetail8882/

 

[5]Our climate target | Shell Global. “Our Climate Target | Shell Global,” n.d. https://www.shell.com/energy-and-innovation/the-energy-future/our-climate-target.html.

 

[6]可持续航空燃料SAF是概念还是产业？| 界面 · 财经号. “可持续航空燃料SAF是概念还是产业？| 界面 · 财经号,” n.d. https://m.jiemian.com/article/6360641.html.

 

[7]Greenfield, Patrick. “Delta Air Lines Faces Lawsuit over $1bn Carbon Neutrality Claim.” the Guardian, May 30, 2023. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2023/may/30/delta-air-lines-lawsuit-carbon-neutrality-aoe.

 

[8]Greenfield, Patrick, and Jillian Ambrose. “Adverts Claiming Products Are Carbon Neutral by Using Offsetting Face UK Ban.” the Guardian, May 15, 2023.https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2023/may/15/uk-advertising-watchdog-to-crack-down-on-carbon-offsetting-claims-aoe.

 

[9]中国自愿碳市场发展现状，https://carbonstop.net/domedetail8871/

 

[10] Voluntary carbon markets: how they work, how they’re priced and who’s involved, https://www.spglobal.com/commodityinsights/en/market-insights/blogs/energy-transition/061021-voluntary-carbon-markets-pricing-participants-trading-corsia-credits

 

[11]用来说明一家公司、政府或是组织以某些行为或行动宣示自身对环境保护的付出但实际上却是反其道而行。

 

[12] Showcase project by the world’s biggest carbon trader actually resulted in more carbon emissions, https://www.ftm.eu/articles/south-pole-kariba-carbon-emission

 

[13] Lexology. “从‘额外性’角度考量碳信用项目,” n.d. https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=19179e1a-59a8-4078-86f6-1db62e3fd0c9

 

[14] These Trees Are Not What They Seem, https://www.bloomberg.com/features/2020-nature-conservancy-carbon-offsets-trees/

 

[15] Morton, Adam. “Forest Regeneration That Earned Multimillion-Dollar Carbon Credits Resulted in Fewer Trees, Analysis Finds.” the Guardian, November 6, 2022. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2022/nov/07/forest-regeneration-that-earned-multimillion-dollar-carbon-credits-resulted-in-fewer-trees-analysis-finds .

 

[16] The Real Trees Delivering Fake Corporate Climate Progress, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2020-12-17/the-real-trees-delivering-fake-climate-progress-for-corporate-america

 

[17]生態變「錢」：當碳匯仲介來敲門，你會賣空氣嗎？https://theinitium.com/article/20230621-anthropocene-when-air-can-be-sold-as-carbon-credit/

 

[18] It’s Still Hard to Spot ‘Pink Sheets’ Carbon Offsets: Sparklines, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-02-13/it-s-still-hard-to-spot-pink-sheets-carbon-offsets-sparklines

 

[19] Junk Carbon Offsets Are What Make

 

These Big Companies ‘Carbon Neutral’, https://www.bloomberg.com/graphics/2022-carbon-offsets-renewable-energy/

 

[20]Greenfield, Patrick. “Revealed: More than 90% of Rainforest Carbon Offsets by Biggest Certifier Are Worthless, Analysis Shows.” the Guardian, January 18, 2023. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2023/jan/18/revealed-forest-carbon-offsets-biggest-provider-worthless-verra-aoe.

 

[21]碳中和与采购：企业领航，势在必行 – McKinsey Greater China. “碳中和与采购：企业领航，势在必行– McKinsey Greater China,” July 22, 2023. https://www.mckinsey.com.cn/%E7%A2%B3%E4%B8%AD%E5%92%8C%E4%B8%8E%E9%87%87%E8%B4%AD%EF%BC%9A%E4%BC%81%E4%B8%9A%E9%A2%86%E8%88%AA%EF%BC%8C%E5%8A%BF%E5%9C%A8%E5%BF%85%E8%A1%8C/ 

 

[22]Environmental, Social, And Governance: Too Late For Net-Zero Emissions By 2050? The Potential Of Forests And Soils | S&P Global Ratings. https://www.spglobal.com/ratings/en/research/articles/200604-environmental-social-and-governance-too-late-for-net-zero-emissions-by-2050-the-potential-of-forests-and-s-11500248.

 

[23] SBTi CRITERIA AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR NEAR-TERM TARGETS (Version 5.1)  https://sciencebasedtargets.org/resources/files/SBTi-criteria.pdf

 

[24]“什么是碳排放配额、自愿减排量（CCER）？_CCER【碳交易网——全球领先的碳市场中文门户网站】,” n.d. http://www.tanjiaoyi.com/article-50442-1.html.

 

[25] 新经济学家智库研究员樊博：企业应避免大量依赖碳抵消而陷入“漂绿”争议_运营_中国_节能. (2023, May 23). https://www.sohu.com/a/678150101_120913760

 

[26]新经济学家智库研究员樊博：企业应避免大量依赖碳抵消而陷入“漂绿”争议_运营_中国_节能. (2023, May 23). https://www.sohu.com/a/678150101_120913760

 

[27]中国企业脱碳准备度-调研报告。德勤中国（2021，五月)

 

https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/cn/Documents/risk/deloitte-cn-risk-china-decarbonization-report-zh-210507.pdf

 

[28]Initium Media. “Initium Media,” n.d. https://theinitium.com/article/20230621-anthropocene-when-air-can-be-sold-as-carbon-credit/.

 

[29]吕雅宁苏建勋. “雀巢和Gucci，要放弃碳中和承诺？ | 36碳焦点"https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/GCDiRqffQnP9VWnDZ9Jm9w

 

[30]王方玉苏建勋. “CCER碳市场将开，你，准备好了吗？｜36碳焦点.” https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/v5jnqON8LGaYpqUrpW9nhA

 

[31]我国重启CCER市场还需打通哪些“堵点”？_碳排放交易网——全球领先的碳市场门户中文网站. http://www.tanpaifang.com/CCER/202212/0592818.html

 

[32]  生态环境部就《温室气体自愿减排交易管理办法（试行）》公开征求社会意见_中华人民共和国生态环境部, July 7, 2023. https://www.mee.gov.cn/ywgz/ydqhbh/wsqtkz/202307/t20230707_1035618.shtml

 

[33]财经. “专访生态环境部应对气候变化司司长李高：全国碳排放配额已成交2.37亿吨，CCER收集方法学建议300余项” https://m.21jingji.com/article/20230714/herald/b5b006c30616a59d0fcd7081f0d6e532.html

 

[34]王方玉苏建勋. “CCER碳市场将开，你，准备好了吗？｜36碳焦点."点.” https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/v5jnqON8LGaYpqUrpW9nhA

 

[35] Bloomberg. Nestle drops carbon neutral pledge for kitkats. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-06-28/nestle-drops-carbon-neutral-pledge-for-kitkats-san-pellegrino-and-perrier#xj4y7vzkg