政治风暴继续肆虐欧盟碳排放交易体系政策

愤怒和混乱笼罩着今年在伦敦举行的航空碳论坛。航空公司已经摸透欧盟碳排放交易系统研究出一套符合该系统的碳交易政策，该交易系统在一月一日已经开始生效。但是许多航空公司选择反对此交易系统，一场政治风暴蓄势待发。
US delegates knew that, back home, ­Congress had passed the Federal Aviation Authority's re-authorisation bill, which includes strong anti-ETS language. Another bill - which proposes banning US carriers from complying with the EU directive - has gone through the House of Representatives to the Senate.
 美国代表认识到，在国内，国会已经通过了联邦航空管理局的重新授权法案，该法案言辞激烈地反对欧盟碳交易体系。另一项法案——提议禁止美国航空公司遵从欧盟的指挥——已经被众议院通过。 本+文+内/容/来/自:中-国-碳-排-放（交—易^网-tan pai fang . com

 Is it time to clear the air?
 是时候清洁下空气了吗？
Meanwhile, China has banned its carriers from complying, insisting that the ETS - which requires all airlines flying to and from the EU to purchase allowances for their carbon dioxide emissions - should not be unilaterally imposed on non-EU countries.
 同时，中国已经禁止其境内航空公司遵从欧盟的系统，并强调该系统——要求飞往欧盟和从欧盟始飞的航线购买二氧化碳排放配额——不应单方面要求非欧盟国家。
China and the USA are among a group of at least 26 countries set to meet on 21 February, in Moscow, to discuss joint action against the scheme. The EU promises "appropriate measures" if airlines fail to comply, which could include banning operators from flying to and from Europe. This has sparked threats of retaliation.
2月21日在莫斯科有至少26个国家聚在一起商讨联合对抗该计划，中国和美国列位其中。欧盟承诺若航空公司不遵守其碳排放系统，欧盟将采取包括禁止飞往和从欧洲始飞的“适当措施”。报复性的威胁已被点燃。

European airlines are concerned. "If the scheme is not complied with by everybody in the same way, it will saddle EU carriers with more costs, make them less competitive and do nothing for the environment," says Simon McNamara, deputy director general of the European Regions Airline Association (ERA). "In the current economic environment, the last thing we need in Europe is some kind of trade war."
 欧洲的航空公司直犯愁。“这要是人家别人都不干，欧洲的航空公司成本负担就得加重，竞争力可就减弱了而且环境也没改善到哪去，”欧洲区域航线委员会副总干事Simon McNamara说到。“就现在这经济环境，欧洲就得玩贸易战才行。”
FIGHTBACK FEARS
 反击的恐惧
Jonathon Counsell, British Airways' head of environment, says: "We're extremely concerned about retaliation and non-compliance." EU carriers should, he says, be exempt from ETS charges on routes where competing airlines are refusing to pay, or at least should be compensated from a reserve fund built up by auctioning of allowances.

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 Jonathon Counsell， 英国航线环境主管，表示：“我们对报复和不合作行为相当关切。”他表示竞争对手拒绝缴纳碳排放费的航线，欧盟航空公司可以免交碳排放费用，或者至少应该由拍卖配额所得款建立准备金来补偿他们。
Some airlines have called on the EU to ­suspend the ETS while the International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO) explores ­alternatives that could be applied across all countries equally. But Philip Good, from the European Commission's climate action unit, says suspension of the ETS is unlikely: "That's not the way we work. The ETS is a law. We're perfectly willing to come forward with a revised legislative proposal - in the event a global deal is reached - but that process typically can take two years to go through Brussels."
因为国际民用航空组织在研究一个能平等地应用到所有国家的交易系统，一些航空公司已经向欧盟提交申请暂停碳排放交易系统。但是来自欧盟气候行动组委员会的Philip Good表示暂停该系统是不太可能的：“这不是我们风格。这交易系统是套法律。我们相当希望能推进一项法律修订案——一个涉及全球性的——但是这一般得花费两年时间才能获得布鲁塞尔的通过。”
EMISSIONS TRADING: FOR AND AGAINST
 排放交易：支持与反对
Who supports the inclusion of aviation in the ETS?
 谁支持ETS纳入航空业体系？
The European Low Fares Airline Association (ELFAA) is possibly the only industry body to publicly support the ETS. "If we want to continue to grow while we're still generating more CO2, we have to look at measures that will actually enable us to reverse the relationship between traffic growth and emissions efficiency," says John Hanlon, ELFAA's ­secretary general.
 欧洲廉价航空公司协会可能是行业中唯一一家公开支持欧盟碳排放交易系统的组织。“如果我们想要在排放更多的二氧化碳同时继续增长，就得重视这些真正能够让我们扭转交通增长和排放效率之间的关系。”欧洲廉价航空公司协会秘书长John Hanlon如是说。
Perhaps less surprisingly, the ETS also has strong backing from the Aviation Environment Federation, which argues that it could become the basis of a global carbon trading system. "We can't wait forever for ICAO," says the group's Jeff Gazzard.

本*文`内/容/来/自:中-国-碳^排-放“交|易^网-tan pai fang . c o m

  欧盟碳交易系统同时受到航空环境联盟的鼎力支持貌似并不让人感到惊讶，该联盟强调欧盟的系统能够成为全球碳交易系统的基础。“我们不能死等ICAO啊，”该机构的Jeff Gazzard说道。
Who is battling against it?
   都是谁在反对？
Most other airlines and ­representative bodies are opposed to the ETS. Airlines for America (A4A) and its members argue that plans are already under way to create a framework for regulating aviation emissions. "The [EU's] unilateral scheme imposes a significant tax and basically takes money away from aviation and the commitment we have to investing in biofuels and cleaner aircraft - the things that make an environmental difference," says Nancy Young, A4A's vice-president of environmental affairs.
   大多数其他航空公司和组织的代表都反对欧盟的系统。美国航空（A4A）和其成员强调航空碳排放管理框架的建立的计划正在进行着。“（欧盟的）单边计划征收数量巨大的税，基本是在诈航空业的钱并榨干了我们承诺投资在生物燃料和清洁型飞机的钱——这些措施对环境影响重大。”A4A环境事务副总裁Nancy Young说道。

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Twenty-six nations, including China, Russia, India and the USA, signed a declaration against the EU ETS in September. "There was wide concern expressed by all countries present, without exception, that the unilaterally imposed EU ETS measures were inconsistent with the international legal regimes," says a statement on the Indian government's website.
  九月26个国家，包括中国，俄罗斯，印度和美国，签署了一项反对欧盟碳排放交易系统的声明。“所有出席国家均表达了严重关切，没有特例，欧盟碳排放交易系统单方面征税的措施是与国际法律制度相违背的，”印度政府网站的声明表示。
The EU plans to review the legislation in 2014. Meanwhile, says Good, it would be easier for non-EU countries to put in place equivalent measures for reducing their emissions, exempting them from paying the ETS charge on inbound flights to EU member states. He says the Commission has already had "serious conversations" with several countries about what could constitute an equivalent measure.
   欧盟计划在2014年对该法案进行审查。同时Good表示，对非欧盟国家采取同等地位政策，免收从本国飞往欧盟成员国航班的ETS费用将使得这些国家更容易参与减排。他表示该委员会已经同几个国家就建立同等待遇政策进行了“重要谈话”。
Some speculate that only a similar cap-and-trade scheme or market-based system would qualify, rather than large-scale production and use of biofuels, for example. Yet there is concern that this would lead to a patchwork of regional carbon trading schemes. "The problem is that they end up charging airlines more than once for the same CO2 emissions," says Mark Watson, head of environmental affairs at Cathay Pacific. As a member of IATA's environment committee and the Aviation Global Deal group, Watson has been involved in UN climate change processes in ICAO. "As the regulatory framework becomes ever more fragmented and complicated, airlines will be faced with further cost and complexity," he says. "Market distortion is highly likely, as some carriers take steps to pass on the cost to passengers." Watson cites the situation faced by Qantas, which is covered by three carbon pricing schemes, set by the EU, Australia and New Zealand. 內.容.來.自：中`國*碳-排*放*交*易^網 t a npai fa ng.com
一些人推测只有限额交易的计划或是基于市场的系统能够行得通，像大量生产和使用生物燃料的做法是不行的。然而人们担心这样会导致该系统成为一个区域碳排放计划的拼凑品。“问题在于他们最终会对航空公司一次二氧化碳排放收取多次费用，”国泰航空环境事务总干事Mark Watson说道。作为IATA环境委员会和全球航空协定集团成员Watson已经牵扯到了国际民航组织和联合国气候变化进程。“随着管理机构变得越发复杂和琐碎，航空公司将面临未来的成本增加和复杂情况，”他表示，“若航空公司继续将成本增加转移到乘客身上，市场扭曲极有可能出现，”Watson引用澳航所面临的情况时说，澳航要遵守欧盟，澳大利亚和新西兰三个碳排放定价体系。
Early this month, Qantas said it would raise fares by A$3.50 ($3.77) per passenger each way on flights to London and Frankfurt, to cover the cost of the EU ETS. "Monitoring is becoming increasingly complex," says Andrew Sellick, Qantas's manager of environment and carbon. "We now have three different schemes; we have three different ways we have to monitor our recording and compliance obligations." 夲呅內傛莱源亍：ф啯碳*排*放^鲛*易-網 τā ńｐāīｆāńɡ.ｃōｍ
 本月初，澳航表示每位飞抵伦敦和法兰克福的乘客票价将提高3.5澳元（3.77美元）用来支付欧盟碳排放交易体系。“监测变得越来越复杂，”澳航碳和环境经理Andrew Sellick表示。“我们现在有三个不同的系统；三个不同的监测方法来记录和遵守规定。”
However, Sellick can see some benefits to the EU's scheme. He points out that the transitional assistance provided - airlines will receive 85% of their emissions allowances free in 2012 - makes it easier to comply with than Australia's scheme, which covers 100% of domestic emissions. He also says both schemes will accelerate commercialisation of biofuels.
 然而，Sellick理出了欧盟系统的好处。他指出提供过渡性援助——航空公司将获得其2012年排放配额费的85%——使得遵守欧盟的系统比遵守澳大利亚的系统更加容易些，澳大利亚碳排放交易系统涵盖了100%的本土排放。他同时表示两个系统将促使生物燃料的商业化。

夲呅內傛莱源亍：ф啯碳*排*放^鲛*易-網 τā ńｐāīｆāńɡ.ｃōｍ

As airlines struggle to come to terms with the system, non-EU governments seek ways to oppose or obstruct it. Some experts consider a successful legal challenge unlikely following the Court of Justice of the European Union's (CJEU) ruling in December 2011 that the scheme did not break international law.
 正当航空公司挣扎于达成协议的系统时，非欧盟政府正企图反对或阻挠该系统。按照2011年12月欧盟法院未触犯国际法的裁决，有专家认为法律上挑战该系统是不可能的。
"Effectively, the European court has blocked out any challenges to the ETS," says Andrew Waite, a partner at Berwin Leighton Paisner. At an international level, ICAO and the World Trade Organisation have complaints procedures, but Waite dismisses the former as "not particularly successful in the past", and the latter as "unlikely to deal with this issue in the long term".

本+文`内.容.来.自：中`国`碳`排*放*交*易^网 t a np ai fan g.com

 “事实上，欧盟法院已经扼杀了任何挑战ETS的企图，”英国博问律师事务所合伙人Andrew Waite表示。在国际上，国际民航组织和世贸组织设有诉控程序，但Waite对前者嗤之以鼻称“过去无典型成功案例，”并对后者评价为“没有那么多时间处理这种事”。
Airlines for America (A4A), a body ­challenging the ETS in the CJEU, says it is exploring whether it could take further action in the UK. "We will continue to take all steps that are available to us," vows Nancy Young, A4A's vice-president of environmental affairs. Like many ETS opponents, Young argues for a global framework produced through ICAO. In January, ICAO secretary general Raymond Benjamin said he would produce a proposal on how to regulate aviation emissions on a global scale by year-end.
在欧盟法院挑战ETS的美国航空公司表示，该公司正在研究是否要在英国采取进一步措施。“我们将一如既往地采取任何我们能采取的措施，”美国航空环境事务副总裁Nancy Young公开表示。想许多ETS反对者一样，Young声援ICAO推出全球性的框架。一月，ICAO秘书长Raymond Benjamin表示他将在年底提出一项关于怎样管理全球航空碳排放的议案。 夲呅內傛莱源亍：ф啯碳*排*放^鲛*易-網 τā ńｐāīｆāńɡ.ｃōｍ
VOLATILE SITUATION
 动荡局势
But Watson is concerned that ICAO will come up with a trading scheme based on the principles and mechanisms of the ETS: "An EU ETS writ large across the globe is far from desirable. Given the stunningly high price of fuel and the continued volatility of our operating environment, we can ill afford to end up with a scheme which means more distortion, ­complexity and high costs."
 但是Watson担心的是ICAO将推出一项以ETS机制和原则为基础的交易体系：“只是把欧盟ETS适用范围扩大到全球是远远不够的。油价飞上天运营环境持续动荡，我们可受不了最后出来个使得市场成本变高，情况更复杂和更加扭曲的方案来。”
ICAO is assessing which market-based measures could underpin a global scheme, and has been working to quantify the ­potential emissions reductions and market ­distortions under each scenario, says Watson.
Watson表示， ICAO正在评估怎样的基于市场设计的政策能够支撑起一个全球性的方案，同时在研究潜在减排指标和每种情况下的市场扭曲。 本*文`内/容/来/自:中-国-碳^排-放“交|易^网-tan pai fang . c o m
The measures under discussion include a global departure levy, setting fees for all departing passengers and for cargo, a global carbon levy charged on fuel consumption, a global offsetting scheme, a global carbon levy and offsetting scheme combined and, finally, a global emissions trading system.
 正在探讨的政策包括一项全球范围的始飞征税，为所有登机乘客和货物设定费用，一项基于燃油消耗量收费的全球碳排放税，一项全球补偿方案，一项全球碳排放税和补偿混合方案和，最后，一个全球碳排放交易系统。
On whether ICAO can come up with a ­solution acceptable to a majority of countries, scepticism reigned at Aviation Carbon, but Watson says it can and must be achieved: "We need a global scheme based on a number of already-agreed core principles, including cost effectiveness, equity, transparency, non-distortion and environmental effectiveness - [one] that can accommodate the differing needs of states around the world."

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 关于ICAO能否提出一个让大多数国家接受的解决方案来，参加航空碳论坛的人们普遍怀疑，但是Watson表示他们能而且必须得出可行方案：“我们需要一个基于一些已经获得共识的核心原则的全球性方案，包含成本效益，公正，透明，不扭曲的和环境效益的方案——一个能够照顾到全世界国家的不同需求的方案。” 本`文内.容.来.自：中`国`碳`排*放*交*易^网 t a npai fan g.com